Wishing to meet the needs of contemporary people, our company presents the Crystal World of Health. These are specially prepared wall panels that make use of the natural properties of salt crystals. They create a specific microclimate, close to sea or mountain conditions, which has a significant effect on our health and well-being.The main source of energy, essential for the human system to function properly, is the energy taken in directly from the natural surroundings . The regenerating and neutralising properties of salt have been known to people for a long time. The air around us contains a large number of positively charged particles (called positive ions), and negative ones (called negative ions).
According to contemporary knowledge, deficiency of negative ions has a detrimental effect on our health. A source of these natural, beneficial particles are also the panels we manufacture; they enable taking advantage of the properties of the salt lumps, and thus create very positive conditions in our surroundings. Each panel is a unique piece of handwork, and an inexhaustible source of energy contributing to the proper functioning of the human system. Through their beneficial ionising action and energetic effects of colour, the salt panels provide a positive effect on our health and mental well-being and for this eason they should be found in every household.
Our firm acts on market from 1999 year. We execute orders on highest level, assuring our clients fast, proficient, clean and forward installment. We offer checked equipment, for which we own all spare parts. We offer fulltime service (during guarantee and after), as well as constant service attendance on wish of client.
From life of the company
Opening first in the world of restaurant in crystal salt chamber, Cracow 2005.
Inventive person and chairman of company Kryształowy Świat, Grzegorz Pajdak, was the investor. They were on solemnity of opening between other: Minister of foreign affairs of Slovakia, world fame opera singer Peter Dvorsky, ambassador of Czech Republic, general consul of Slovakia, speaker of Sejm Marek Borowski, board of management Wieliczka Salt Mine and other.
Kryształowa Komnata Solna firmy Kryształowy ¦wiat w Muzeum w Kopalni Soli w Wieliczce.
Press about us:
"telegraph.co.uk"
"Gazeta Krakowska"
"Gazeta Krakowska"
"Dziennik Polski"
"Newsweek"
"Doradca Hotelarza"
"Panorama Powiatu Wielickiego"
Salt caverns use - part 2nd
MAIN USESSalt caverns basically constitute very large underground openings that provide secure containment for materials that do not dissolve salt. In general, uses of salt caverns can be classified as either storage or disposal operations. Storage of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, and associated products, was successful early on, and remains the main use of salt caverns today. Disposal of wastes and “by-product” constitutes the next most important use of salt caverns. Some examples of these two main types of operations follow.
Salt formations and hydrocarbon deposits, with associated refineries, often occur in the same area, e.g., the Gulf region of the U.S. and Mexico. Many caverns have been solution mined in salt domes here, both to produce brine as a “feedstock” for chemical plants, and to provide for storage of hydrocarbons. Early storage was done in brine “wells” that had been solution-mined without consideration for subsequent storage in the depleted caverns. This practice sometimes resulted in later problems for storage operations in retrofitted brine caverns. Today’s brine producers are generally aware of potential storage opportunities, and so use controlled solution mining to produce brine while also forming caverns that are suitable for storage.
A number of salt caverns have been engineered for storage of hydrocarbons and related products, over about the last three decades. The performance of these caverns constitutes a success story for bulk storage of highly volatile materials. Storage of “light hydrocarbons”, via the “brine displacement method”, represents the first and most widespread use of salt caverns worldwide. Light hydrocarbons include propane, butane, ethane, ethylene, natural gasoline, and other products extracted from refineries and natural gas that are transported and stored as liquids.
Salt caverns in Texas provided 58% of the total storage, with the Barber’s Hill dome, located about 25 miles (40 km) east of Houston at Mont Belvieu, providing 36% alone. The storage facilities concentrated here form a “market hub” for LPG in North America.
“Crude oil”, or unrefined petroleum, is also stored in brine-compensated salt caverns. The German Federal Republic implemented its strategic oil reserve in the Etzel salt dome near Wilhelmshaven between 1971 and 1978, creating a total of cavern storage volume of 13 million m3 (82 MMB). A number of these caverns have since been converted to gas storage. The U.S. began fill of its “Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)” in salt in 1978, and continued into the early 1990’s, to attain a total of slightly less than 94 million m3 (600 MMB). The “Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP)” in the U.S. was constructed by a consortium of oil companies in 1981. LOOP oil storage is provided by 9 caverns in the Clovelly dome with a total volume of about 51 MMB (8.1 million m3).
In recent years natural gas has become a prime source of energy worldwide. Once “flared” as a by-product in oil fields, natural gas was thought to be of short supply in the mid 1970’s. It has since been discovered in relative abundance, and is considered to be a “clean burning” fuel. Consequently, most of the recent storage projects in salt caverns have involved natural gas.
Salt caverns engineered for gas storage were constructed in 1963 in Saskatchewan, Canada, at a depth of 3,700 ft (1,128 m). This was followed in the U.S. in 1970 by completion of two gas caverns in the Eminence Dome, Mississippi, at depth of 5,700 to 6,700 ft (1,737 to 2,042 m). The Eminence caverns were both deep and non brine-compensated, and thus incorporated the potential for large volume loss due to salt creep. In France, gas storage in salt began in 1970 at Tersanne, at depth of approximately 1400 to 1500+ m (4,593 to 4,921 ft). Gas storage in the salt dome Honigsee, near Kiel, Germany, began in 1971 at depth of 1307 to 1335 m (4,288 to 4,380 ft).
Additional storage facilities in salt caverns are undoubtedly now being planned or constructed because of the increasing use of natural gas worldwide. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) was implemented in Germany in 1978 in the Huntorf salt dome near Hamburg. A CAES plant was also constructed in 1991 in the McIntosh salt dome near Mobile, Alabama, U.S. CAES plants are used to meet peak power needs, and their future depends on companies now supplying both natural gas and electrical power.
The first wastes placed in salt domes were probably residues from local salt-based industries. Beginning about 1959, alkali wastes from local “soda ash” production were deposited in “worked out” caverns in the Holford brinefield located about 20 mi (32 km) south of Manchester, England. Other salt-industry related wastes, such as “brine muds” from the purification of brine, were also deposited in caverns at Holford. Similar on-site waste disposal was likely practiced at a number of other industrial plants that use locally produced brine, thus forming caverns, in production of soda ash and/or plastics. Another interesting feature of the Holford site is that organic residues generated off site have been deposited there since 1968 in special designated caverns through a partnership between the brinefield operators and a commercial waste disposal firm.
Salt caverns are now being used for disposal of oil field wastes in the U.S. At the time this paper was prepared, the State of Texas had permitted six salt caverns for disposal of non-hazardous oilfield wastes (NOW), and one cavern for naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The states of Louisiana and New Mexico were also in the process of developing regulations for disposal of oil field wastes in salt caverns.
The potential for disposal of hazardous chemical wastes in salt caverns has been recognized by companies world wide. As previously noted, both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons have been successfully stored in properly constructed salt caverns for decades, and from a technical viewpoint, this would seem to qualify salt caverns for disposal operations of materials with similar properties. However, applications to construct hazardous waste disposal facilities in salt in the U.S. have raised far more objections than have applications for storage facilities, or for more traditional forms of waste disposal, such as landfills. Disposal of hazardous wastes in salt domes is banned outright in the State of Louisiana; and, applications for disposal in salt caverns elsewhere in the U.S. have been subjected to lengthy examination.
The disposal of high-level nuclear wastes in salt caverns is not discussed here because it involves special considerations beyond those for conventional uses of caverns. It should be noted that research on disposal of nuclear wastes in salt has advanced analyses of conventional salt cavern behavior.
Source: http://www.solutionmining.org
18.09.2007. 13:35